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Build the Punnett square for a monohybrid, dihybrid, or trihybrid cross, with every gamete, offspring genotype, and the genotype and phenotype ratios.
Also covers: Monohybrid cross calculator ยท Dihybrid cross calculator ยท Genetics calculator ยท 9:3:3:1 ratio
Capital letter = dominant allele. One gene (Aa), two (AaBb), or three (AaBbCc).
AaBb ร AaBb
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Phenotype ratio over 16 combinations, assuming complete dominance and independent assortment.
Punnett square
| Parent 2 gametes \ Parent 1 gametes | AB | Ab | aB | ab |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AB | AABB | AABb | AaBB | AaBb |
| Ab | AABb | AAbb | AaBb | Aabb |
| aB | AaBB | AaBb | aaBB | aaBb |
| ab | AaBb | Aabb | aaBb | aabb |
Phenotypes ยท ratio 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Genotypes ยท ratio 4 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 2 : 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
A_ means at least one dominant A allele (AA or Aa), showing the dominant trait. Real traits can differ: incomplete dominance, codominance, and linked genes change these ratios.
Two letters per gene, with a capital for the dominant allele: Aa for one gene, AaBb for two, AaBbCc for three.
Each parent's possible gametes run along the top and side, and each cell is one equally likely offspring genotype.
Genotype and phenotype ratios with counts and percentages, e.g. 3 : 1 for Aa ร Aa and 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 for AaBb ร AaBb.
The genotype is the pair of alleles (AA, Aa, or aa); the phenotype is the trait you see. With complete dominance, AA and Aa look the same, so Aa ร Aa gives a 1 : 2 : 1 genotype ratio but a 3 : 1 phenotype ratio.
At least one dominant allele: either AA or Aa. Both show the dominant trait.
They assume complete dominance and genes that assort independently. Incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked genes, and genes close together on a chromosome give different ratios.
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